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Maravilha, nestled in the westernmost reaches of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the broader context of the Brazilian Highlands. Situated at coordinates -26.7700, -53.2167, the city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and gently undulating plains, typical of the region’s transition zone between the highlands and the more level lands towards the state’s western border with Argentina and Paraguay. The elevation, averaging around 587 meters, influences local weather patterns and contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, a key factor in air quality. Maravilha is not directly adjacent to large bodies of water, though several smaller rivers and streams crisscross the municipality, providing vital drainage. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by soybean, corn, and wheat cultivation, alongside significant livestock farming. This agricultural intensity is a crucial element in understanding potential air quality concerns, particularly related to particulate matter from field preparation and burning practices. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre representing a concentrated area of activity surrounded by expansive agricultural lands. The lack of significant industrial belts within Maravilha itself means that agricultural emissions are likely the dominant local source of pollution, though regional transport from larger industrial centres further east can also contribute.

Maravilha experiences a humid subtropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Maravilha is most compromised during the dry season, typically from May to September. This period coincides with increased agricultural activity, including land clearing and burning for crop preparation, releasing substantial particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) into the atmosphere. Stable atmospheric conditions during these months, often featuring temperature inversions, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. October and November bring increased rainfall, effectively washing away many of these pollutants and improving air quality. The wet season, from December to April, generally offers the best air quality, although intense rainfall can sometimes lead to localised flooding and the spread of fungal spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. Fog is common during cooler months, potentially trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the late afternoon when pollutant concentrations are often highest. Monitoring wind direction is also crucial, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas. Avoiding outdoor exertion during periods of visible haze is advisable.