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Otacílio Costa, nestled in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the Serra Catarinense highlands. Located at coordinates -27.4828, -50.1219, the city’s terrain is predominantly hilly and mountainous, significantly influencing local air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by Araucaria forests, a biome known for its distinctive pine trees, and interspersed with agricultural lands dedicated to crops like apples and potatoes. The city’s elevation, averaging around 900 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures and increased potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city is influenced by regional humidity patterns originating from the Atlantic Ocean. Otacílio Costa isn’t a heavily industrialised centre; however, agricultural activities, particularly the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and wood-burning for heating during colder months, contribute to particulate matter and gaseous emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural zones immediately bordering the city centre. This proximity means pollutants from farming practices can readily impact air quality within the urban area. The city’s position within a valley also limits air circulation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Otacílio Costa experiences a humid subtropical climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Winter (June-August) presents the most challenging conditions. Cooler temperatures encourage increased wood burning for residential heating, leading to elevated particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations. Frequent temperature inversions, common in valleys during stable atmospheric conditions, trap these pollutants, reducing air dispersion. Spring (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural burning of crop residue can cause temporary spikes in pollution. Summer (December-February) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures, increased rainfall, and stronger winds aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, periods of drought can lead to dust and pollen becoming more prominent. Autumn (March-May) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and potential for increased humidity, sometimes fostering fungal spore concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; southerly winds can bring cleaner air, while stagnant conditions worsen pollution. Fog, common in the valleys, can also trap pollutants.