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São José do Cedro, nestled in the southwestern region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the rolling hills of the state’s interior. Located at coordinates -26.4550, -53.4939, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating landscapes, a product of glacial and fluvial processes. The elevation, while not dramatically high, contributes to localized temperature inversions, a key factor influencing air quality. The city’s population of 14,167 is relatively dispersed, reflecting a strong agricultural base. Surrounding São José do Cedro is a predominantly rural landscape dominated by soybean, corn, and wheat cultivation, alongside significant livestock farming. This agricultural activity is a primary source of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to expansive farmland. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city lies within the broader watershed of the Uruguai River basin. The absence of heavy industry within the city limits means that long-range transport of pollutants from larger industrial centres further east is a more significant concern than local emissions, though agricultural practices are locally impactful. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast, can carry pollutants across the region, impacting air quality in São José do Cedro.

Air quality in São José do Cedro experiences distinct seasonal variations tied to the subtropical climate of Santa Catarina. The warmer months, from December to February, often see increased levels of ground-level ozone due to higher temperatures and increased sunlight interacting with vehicle emissions and agricultural byproducts. While rainfall is common, periods of drought can exacerbate particulate matter from agricultural activities. Autumn (March-May) brings a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increased humidity, generally improving air quality. However, the burning of agricultural residue after the harvest can lead to temporary spikes in PM2.5. Winter (June-August) is typically the period of best air quality, with cooler temperatures and more stable atmospheric conditions. Temperature inversions, however, can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early morning. Spring (September-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural activity, including soil preparation and planting, leading to increased dust and particulate matter. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during peak agricultural periods and days with stagnant air. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as northerly winds can transport pollutants from agricultural zones.