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Itabaiana, nestled in the Agreste region of Sergipe, Brazil, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at -10.6850, -37.4253, the city sits on a plateau, approximately 140-200 meters above sea level, a transitional zone between the coastal plains and the more rugged interior. This elevation, while providing cooler temperatures than the coast, also contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid Caatinga vegetation, interspersed with agricultural lands dedicated primarily to sugarcane, beans, and corn. While not heavily industrialised, Itabaiana serves as a regional commercial hub, with associated vehicle traffic and small-scale processing activities. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas immediately bordering the city limits. The lack of significant natural barriers to air flow means pollutants can be readily transported by prevailing easterly winds. Proximity to the São Francisco River, while vital for irrigation, doesn’t significantly impact local air circulation patterns. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads contributes to particulate matter, particularly during the dry season. The city’s growth, while moderate, is increasing demand on infrastructure and potentially exacerbating localised pollution sources.

Itabaiana experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The wet season, typically from March to August, brings relief from dust and particulate matter as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. Humidity increases, but overall air quality improves due to reduced agricultural activity and less wind-blown dust. However, increased moisture can also foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The dry season, spanning September to February, is when air quality concerns peak. Reduced rainfall allows dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads to accumulate, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Higher temperatures during this period can also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly in areas with vehicle emissions. November and December are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, exacerbate pollution by trapping pollutants near ground level. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; easterly winds can transport pollutants from agricultural burning further into the city.