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Lagarto, nestled in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at approximately -10.9172 latitude and -37.6500 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a typical feature of the Sergipan Plateau. The elevation varies, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Lagarto sits relatively close to the Sergipe River, a vital waterway that shapes the surrounding landscape and provides a degree of humidity. The broader region is a mosaic of coastal plains, transitioning inland to more rugged terrain. Agriculture plays a crucial role in the local economy, with sugarcane cultivation and livestock farming being prominent activities in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity, while vital, can contribute to localized air pollution through the release of particulate matter from field burning and ammonia from fertilizer use. The urban–rural gradient around Lagarto is relatively gradual, with smaller settlements and agricultural lands blending into the city’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Lagarto, but the proximity to larger urban centers like Aracaju, the state capital, means that some industrial emissions and vehicular traffic impacts can be felt. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, carry moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, influencing rainfall patterns and potentially dispersing pollutants, although topography can disrupt this flow. The city's location within a tropical climate zone means consistent high temperatures and humidity, which can affect the behaviour and persistence of airborne pollutants.

Lagarto’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, often sees a reduction in rainfall and an increase in sunshine hours. However, this period can also experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural practices intensify during this time, with controlled burns used for land preparation, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. The wet season, from December to July, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. While rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants, heavy downpours can also temporarily worsen air quality by stirring up dust and soil particles. The months of January and February, coinciding with the peak of the wet season, can be particularly challenging due to persistent fog and reduced visibility, trapping pollutants close to the ground. During the transitional months (May-June and August-September), wind patterns are often less predictable, leading to fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly when agricultural burning is prevalent. Limiting outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and fog is advisable. The high humidity throughout the year can exacerbate respiratory issues, so maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification is important.