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Nesebar, a historic coastal town in Burgas Province, Bulgaria, occupies a narrow peninsula jutting into the Black Sea, creating a unique and complex geographic setting that significantly influences its air quality. Situated at approximately 42.66° N, 27.72° E, and with a modest elevation rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, the town’s topography is predominantly flat, characterized by sandy beaches and low-lying terrain. The surrounding landscape is a blend of coastal plains and rolling hills, transitioning into agricultural land further inland. Nesebar’s position on the Black Sea exposes it to prevailing winds, which generally blow from the west, offering some natural ventilation and dispersal of pollutants. However, the peninsula’s constricted shape can also trap stagnant air under certain meteorological conditions. The Burgas industrial belt, located approximately 20 kilometers to the northwest, represents a potential source of regional air pollution, although its impact is moderated by distance and prevailing winds. The urban–rural gradient around Nesebar is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields interspersed along the coastline. The Black Sea itself acts as a significant thermal regulator, moderating temperatures and influencing humidity levels, which can affect the behaviour of airborne pollutants. The town’s dense historical core, with narrow, winding streets and traditional architecture, can also contribute to localized air quality issues due to reduced ventilation and potential for increased vehicle emissions within the old town.

Nesebar’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Bulgaria’s continental climate and the influence of the Black Sea. Summer (June-August) typically sees the best air quality, driven by consistent westerly winds that effectively disperse any pollutants. High temperatures and increased solar radiation, however, can contribute to photochemical smog formation, though this is generally less pronounced than in inland cities. Spring (March-May) can be more variable, with occasional temperature inversions, particularly in early spring, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during periods of calm weather. Autumn (September-November) often brings increased humidity and cooler temperatures, which can reduce pollutant dispersion and lead to localized episodes of poorer air quality. The proximity to agricultural land means that seasonal burning of crop residues in autumn can contribute to particulate matter pollution, although regulations aim to minimize this. Winter (December-February) presents the greatest challenge. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle over the region, leading to temperature inversions and stagnant air conditions. Fog, common during winter months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during prolonged periods of fog or calm, cold weather. During the warmer months, while generally good, prolonged exposure to direct sunlight should be balanced with hydration and sun protection.