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Pouytenga, nestled in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso at approximately 12.25°N, -0.4333°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Volta Basin. The city’s terrain is predominantly undulating plateau, characteristic of the Sahelian landscape, with elevations ranging from 250 to 350 meters above sea level. This gently sloping topography influences local wind patterns and can contribute to the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Pouytenga is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cereal crops like sorghum and millet, and interspersed with sparse savanna vegetation. The landscape transitions gradually from cultivated fields to more extensive grasslands, representing a clear urban–rural gradient. While Pouytenga lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it draws water from seasonal streams and boreholes, reflecting the region’s limited surface water resources. The city’s regional position, relatively distant from major industrial centers, initially suggests lower industrial pollution. However, the increasing use of charcoal for cooking and heating, coupled with vehicular emissions from a growing population and the dust generated by agricultural practices and unpaved roads, significantly impacts local air quality. The surrounding savanna, while providing some natural filtration, can also contribute to particulate matter during the dry season when vegetation cover is minimal and windblown dust is prevalent. The climate’s aridity further exacerbates these challenges, limiting the natural cleansing effect of rainfall.

Pouytenga’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Characterized by minimal rainfall and consistently high temperatures, this period sees a dramatic increase in particulate matter. Strong winds, while occasionally dispersing pollutants, more frequently lift dust from agricultural fields and unpaved roads, creating frequent haze events. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of December and January, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. The reliance on charcoal for cooking and heating intensifies during these months, adding to the particulate load. Conversely, the wet season (June to October) brings a period of relative improvement. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased vegetation cover helps to bind dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from stagnant water sources. The monsoon winds, though less pronounced than in coastal regions, can still influence the dispersal of pollutants. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, particularly in July and August. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged exposure to outdoor air, especially during peak dust events. The use of masks can provide some protection, and ensuring adequate ventilation in homes is crucial during periods of poor air quality.