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Tenkodogo, situated in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 280 meters. This positioning within the broader Volta Plateau influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the drainage basin of the Volta River, impacting local humidity and dust suspension. Tenkodogo functions as a crucial market centre for a predominantly agricultural region, surrounded by extensive farmland cultivating crops like cotton, maize, and millet. This agricultural activity contributes significantly to particulate matter in the air, particularly during dry seasons when land preparation and harvesting occur. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the city centre experiences higher concentrations of traffic-related pollutants, while the periphery is more affected by agricultural dust and biomass burning. The lack of substantial industrial belts within Tenkodogo itself means that the primary pollution sources are largely diffuse, stemming from household energy use (wood and charcoal), transportation, and agricultural practices. The surrounding landscape is characterised by savanna woodland, which, during the dry season, is prone to bushfires, adding to the particulate load. The city’s location, coupled with prevailing wind patterns, can lead to the accumulation of pollutants during periods of low wind speed.

Tenkodogo experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle that profoundly impacts air quality. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, is characterised by consistently high levels of particulate matter. This is due to increased dust from agricultural activities, bushfires, and the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, exacerbate the situation, transporting vast quantities of dust southward. January to March are typically the months with the poorest air quality, posing risks to those with respiratory conditions. The transition to the wet season (June-October) brings a significant improvement. Rainfall effectively washes away much of the accumulated dust and suppresses bushfires. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mould and allergens, potentially affecting sensitive individuals. While overall pollution levels are lower during the wet season, localised pollution from vehicle emissions and household fuel use persists. September, as the rains subside, can see a temporary increase in dust resuspension. For those with asthma or other respiratory ailments, avoiding outdoor activity during peak dry season months is advisable. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and using masks when exposed to dust are crucial preventative measures.