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Manga, situated in the Centre-Sud region of Burkina Faso at approximately 11.67°N, 1.07°W, is a relatively small city of around 28,612 inhabitants. The terrain is generally flat, characteristic of the broader Sahelian landscape, with a slight undulation reflecting the subtle shifts in elevation. Manga lies within the Volta River basin, though not directly on the river itself; its proximity to smaller, seasonal watercourses influences local humidity and vegetation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah, transitioning into more arid zones further north and exhibiting increasing woodland cover towards the south. Agriculture is the dominant land use, with subsistence farming and small-scale cultivation of crops like millet, sorghum, and maize prevalent. While Manga isn’t a major industrial hub, the increasing use of motorcycles and small generators contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre is densely populated, but quickly gives way to agricultural fields and sparsely populated areas. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a significant factor influencing air quality, exacerbated by the region’s susceptibility to wind erosion. The flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localised build-up, particularly during calmer weather conditions. This geographical setting creates a unique set of challenges for maintaining clean air.

Manga experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by hot, dry Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. These winds carry substantial amounts of dust, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations and reducing visibility. February and March are typically the dustiest months, posing risks to respiratory health, particularly for children and the elderly. Outdoor activity should be limited during peak dust events. The transition to the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of mould and allergens. The peak of the wet season, July to September, sees the lowest levels of dust, but stagnant air and localised emissions from generators and cooking fires can contribute to indoor air pollution. October marks a return to drier conditions and a gradual increase in dust levels. Throughout the year, temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights, can trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive individuals should monitor their health closely during these periods and consider using air purifiers indoors. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times is advisable.