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Ziniaré, located in the Plateau-Central region of Burkina Faso, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s transition zone between the Sudanese savanna to the north and the Guinean woodlands to the south. Situated approximately 15 kilometers east of Ouagadougou, the nation’s capital, Ziniaré’s urban character is intrinsically linked to its proximity to a major urban center, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient. The town rests on a gently undulating plateau, averaging around 300 meters above sea level, characterized by reddish-brown lateritic soils typical of the region. This terrain influences drainage patterns, with seasonal streams carving through the landscape. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, featuring extensive fields of sorghum, millet, and maize, interspersed with acacia woodlands and sparse vegetation. While Ziniaré itself lacks significant bodies of water, it benefits from the seasonal rainfall that sustains agricultural activities. The town’s location near Ouagadougou means it is susceptible to the impacts of the capital’s industrial belt, particularly concerning dust and emissions from transportation and light industry. The prevailing Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, frequently transport dust and particulate matter, impacting air quality. The relatively flat topography and limited natural barriers around Ziniaré can exacerbate the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, leading to localized air quality challenges. The agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues, also contribute to seasonal pollution episodes.

Ziniaré’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly from November to May, is characterized by lower humidity and the prevalence of the Harmattan winds. These winds, laden with Saharan dust, significantly degrade air quality, creating hazy conditions and increasing particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, further exacerbating the issue. February and March often represent the most challenging months for air quality during this period. The onset of the rainy season, typically in May or June, brings a temporary respite as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and pollutants. However, the rainy season also introduces its own challenges. The increased humidity can promote the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly during periods of intense sunshine following rainfall. Agricultural activities, including the burning of crop residues to clear fields, contribute to localized pollution spikes, especially in late August and September as farmers prepare for the next planting season. October often sees a gradual increase in dust as the dry season approaches. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the Harmattan season and be mindful of potential ozone exposure following rainfall. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the peak of the rainy season, although vigilance regarding agricultural burning is still advised.