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Mbandjok, a town in the Centre Region of Cameroon, sits at approximately 4.4500°N latitude and 11.9000°E longitude. The town’s geography is characterised by a gently undulating plateau landscape, typical of the central Cameroon plateau. This terrain, while not dramatically mountainous, influences local wind patterns and can contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Mbandjok is situated within a predominantly agricultural zone, heavily reliant on subsistence farming and small-scale plantations, particularly cocoa and coffee. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter into the air through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural residue. The Nyong River flows relatively close to Mbandjok, but its influence on immediate air quality is limited due to the distance and prevailing wind directions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Mbandjok itself is a relatively small urban centre surrounded by extensive rural farmland. There are no major industrial belts within Mbandjok itself, however, increased traffic from regional trade routes passing through the town contributes to localised emissions. The elevation, around 700-800m, moderates temperatures but doesn’t prevent the formation of temperature inversions, especially during the dry season, which can exacerbate pollution concentrations.

Mbandjok experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Mbandjok is significantly impacted by these seasonal shifts. The dry season, typically from November to March, presents the poorest air quality. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities accumulates. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, can transport significant amounts of dust and sand, further degrading air quality. Temperature inversions are also more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) generally offers improved air quality. Frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, even during the wet season, localised pollution from vehicle emissions and biomass burning for cooking remains a concern. August and September, during peak rainfall, are generally the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season, particularly December and January. Burning of agricultural waste after harvest in November also creates temporary pollution spikes. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north bring Saharan dust.