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San Diego, Cesar, Colombia, nestled at coordinates 10.3375, -73.1825, is a municipality situated within the undulating foothills of the Serranía de Perijá. This region of Colombia is characterised by a transitional landscape, moving from the higher altitudes of the mountains towards the flatter, warmer lands of the Cesar Department. The city itself sits at a relatively low elevation, contributing to a warmer climate and influencing air dispersion patterns. Surrounding San Diego are extensive agricultural zones, primarily dedicated to cattle ranching and, increasingly, palm oil cultivation. These agricultural practices, while economically vital, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through land clearing and the use of agricultural machinery. The proximity to the Magdalena River, while providing a crucial water source, doesn’t offer significant wind-flushing benefits due to the surrounding terrain. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into rural farmland. Industrial activity is limited within San Diego itself, but regional centres nearby may contribute to background pollution levels. The valley location can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality concerns. Understanding this geographical context is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in San Diego.

San Diego, Cesar, experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern rather than distinct seasons, defined by wet and dry periods. Air quality generally deteriorates during the dry season (December to March), as reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. The lack of precipitation also hinders the natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Temperatures are highest during these months, potentially fostering the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly in areas with vehicle traffic. The wet season (April to November) typically brings improved air quality due to rainfall washing away pollutants and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also promote fungal spore growth, impacting respiratory health. August and September often see peak rainfall, offering the cleanest air. Temperature inversions, common in valley locations like San Diego, can trap pollutants near the ground during calm mornings, regardless of the season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and on calm mornings. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, can transport pollutants from agricultural burning activities, further impacting air quality during the dry months.