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Cereté, nestled in the heart of Córdoba, Colombia, occupies a relatively flat terrain within the broader Caribbean coastal region. Situated at coordinates 8.8833, -75.8000, the city benefits from a strategic position along the San Jorge River, a vital waterway influencing local climate and transportation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by tropical dry forests and savannas, transitioning into agricultural lands dedicated to cattle ranching and, increasingly, palm oil cultivation. This agricultural activity, while economically important, contributes significantly to potential air quality concerns through dust emissions and the use of agricultural chemicals. Cereté’s elevation is low, averaging around 80 meters above sea level, which limits natural atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with the city centre experiencing higher population density and associated emissions from vehicular traffic and small-scale industries. The proximity to the Caribbean Sea introduces humidity and influences wind patterns, but also creates conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The city’s growth is concentrated around the river, creating localized hotspots of activity and potential pollution. Understanding this interplay of geography, land use, and climate is crucial for addressing Cereté’s air quality challenges.

Cereté experiences a distinct bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘seasons’ rather than traditional four-season cycles. The drier periods, typically from December to March and again from July to August, coincide with increased agricultural activity – land preparation, harvesting, and burning of agricultural residue – leading to elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations. These periods also see increased dust from unpaved roads and cattle movement. Winds are generally weaker during these times, reducing pollutant dispersal. The wetter seasons, April-June and September-November, bring relief from dust and agricultural smoke, as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster the formation of mold and contribute to respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, common in the early mornings throughout the year, exacerbate pollution during the drier months by trapping pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the driest months, particularly in agricultural areas. Monitoring wind direction is key; winds from agricultural zones will carry higher pollutant loads. November to February generally offers the most favourable air quality for outdoor pursuits.