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Tierralta, nestled in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, occupies a strategically important position within the Magdalena River Valley, a region historically vital for agricultural production and transportation. Located at approximately 7.9167° N, 76.1667° W, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 150 meters (492 feet) above sea level, placing it within a relatively flat, alluvial plain. This low elevation, combined with its proximity to the Magdalena River, contributes to a humid, tropical climate and influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive cattle ranches, palm oil plantations (a significant economic driver for the region), and smaller-scale agricultural plots cultivating crops like maize and beans. This agricultural intensity contributes to diffuse sources of air pollution, primarily from agricultural burning practices, particularly during land clearing and harvest seasons. Tierralta’s urban fabric is characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, with denser residential areas concentrated around the town center, transitioning outwards to more dispersed settlements and agricultural zones. The Magdalena River itself, while providing a crucial transportation route, can also exacerbate air quality issues during periods of flooding or stagnant water, leading to increased humidity and potential for bioaerosol emissions. The lack of significant topographic barriers around Tierralta means that pollutants tend to disperse horizontally rather than vertically, potentially leading to localized accumulation, especially under stable atmospheric conditions. Industrial activity, though not extensive, is present, primarily related to agricultural processing and palm oil refining, adding further complexity to the city’s air quality profile.

Tierralta’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices, intensified as farmers prepare land for planting. While winds are generally moderate, periods of atmospheric stability can occur, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the impact of these burns. The humidity, though consistently high, tends to be slightly lower during the dry season, which can also contribute to increased particulate concentrations. Conversely, the wet season (May to November) brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, washing away particulate matter and reducing overall pollution levels. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can lead to stagnant water conditions, potentially increasing the release of bioaerosols and contributing to respiratory irritation. Fog, though not a frequent occurrence, can develop during cooler nights, particularly during the transition periods between seasons, further trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during months like February and March when agricultural burning is most prevalent. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate respiratory protection are advisable during these periods. The wet season generally offers improved air quality, but vigilance regarding potential bioaerosol exposure remains important.