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Martí, a municipality within the Matanzas Province of Cuba, occupies a strategically important coastal location on the northern coast of the island, approximately 110 kilometers east of Havana. Its coordinates, 22.9522° N, 80.9167° W, place it within a subtropical climate zone, heavily influenced by the Caribbean Sea. The city’s terrain is relatively flat, transitioning gently from the coastline to slightly undulating plains, a characteristic of the Matanzas coastal region. This low elevation, combined with its proximity to the Bay of Jacaré, a significant inlet, contributes to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of calm weather. Surrounding Martí, the landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane fields, a dominant feature of the Cuban economy – and scrubland. To the west, the terrain gradually rises, leading towards the Sierra de Martí mountains, providing some relief from coastal humidity but also potentially influencing localized wind patterns. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, with agricultural zones immediately bordering its periphery. Industrially, Martí hosts a sugar mill, a significant historical and ongoing contributor to local employment, but also a potential source of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. The Bay of Jacaré acts as a natural barrier, moderating some coastal winds, but also trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The prevailing easterly trade winds, while generally beneficial for dispersing pollutants, can be interrupted by high-pressure systems, leading to periods of poor air quality.

Martí’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. The lack of precipitation means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing, and the drier air can exacerbate the effects of dust and particulate matter stirred up from agricultural activities, particularly sugarcane harvesting. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months of December and January, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to scrub the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also mobilize dust and soil particles, temporarily increasing particulate matter levels. The hurricane season (August-October) can bring strong winds that disperse pollutants, but also introduce significant amounts of dust and debris. During the sugarcane harvest season (typically December-April), emissions from the sugar mill and increased agricultural activity contribute to elevated levels of particulate matter and potentially sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wetter months, although vigilance regarding potential dust storms remains important. Fog, which can occur during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality.