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Guayos, nestled within the Sancti Spíritus province of Cuba, occupies a geographically significant position along the banks of the Yaguajay River, a tributary of the larger Sancti Spíritus River. Located at approximately 22.0496° N, 79.4611° W, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the Cuban coastal plains. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane fields and smaller plots dedicated to vegetable cultivation – and patches of remnant tropical dry forest. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of crop residues can occur, though Cuban agricultural practices are increasingly regulated. Guayos sits within a broader urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the relatively dense urban core to the expansive agricultural lands and eventually the coastal plains further south. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, which can contribute to stagnant air conditions under certain meteorological circumstances. The Yaguajay River itself provides a degree of humidity and influences local microclimates. While not directly adjacent to the coast, the city’s proximity to the Cuban coastline (approximately 30km) means it is susceptible to influences from maritime air masses. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Guayos; however, Sancti Spíritus city, a larger urban center, lies approximately 20km to the east, and its industrial activities can occasionally impact air quality in Guayos. The overall geography presents a mixed picture, balancing agricultural influences with a relatively low-lying coastal plain, impacting local air circulation patterns.

Guayos, experiencing a tropical climate, exhibits a distinct wet and dry season pattern rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees clearer skies and reduced humidity, but can also bring about periods of stagnant air. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during these months, particularly in the early morning, hindering the dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during land preparation for the next planting cycle, contributing to particulate matter. The wet season, from May to October, is characterized by frequent rainfall and higher humidity. While the rain helps to cleanse the atmosphere, removing some pollutants, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The intensity of rainfall and the frequency of storms vary considerably, with some months experiencing prolonged periods of rain and others relatively dry spells. Wind patterns are generally variable, with prevailing winds shifting throughout the year, influencing the direction of pollutant transport. During the wet season, periods of dense fog can form, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly in the early mornings, and be mindful of potential agricultural burning. During the wet season, maintaining indoor air quality and avoiding prolonged exposure to damp conditions is advisable. The interplay of rainfall, temperature, and wind dictates the air quality experience throughout the year in Guayos.