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Domažlice, nestled within the Plzeňský Kraj region of the Czech Republic, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Šumava Mountains, a landscape profoundly shaping its urban character and air quality. Located at approximately 49.44°N, 12.92°E, the city sits at an elevation of around 450 meters above sea level, contributing to cooler temperatures and potential for fog formation, both factors influencing atmospheric conditions. The surrounding terrain is characterized by rolling hills, dense forests of spruce, fir, and beech, and agricultural fields, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. Domažlice lies on the Klatovský potok stream, a small tributary of the Radbuza River, providing a limited but present aquatic influence. Historically, the area was a crossroads of trade routes, and this legacy is reflected in the city’s layout. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Domažlice is within reasonable proximity to industrial zones in Plzeň and Žlutice, potentially experiencing some downwind impacts. The dominant land use surrounding the city is a mix of forestry and agriculture, with smaller farms and orchards common. The Šumava Mountains to the southwest act as a barrier, influencing prevailing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The relatively isolated location, combined with the hilly terrain, means that local emissions can linger, particularly during periods of calm weather, impacting air quality within the city limits. The landscape’s natural capacity for air purification is considerable, but urban activity and regional industrial influences still play a role.

Domažlice’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s temperate continental climate. Winter months (December-February) often present the greatest challenges. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, lead to pollutant accumulation. Fog, a common occurrence during this period, further exacerbates the issue by reducing atmospheric mixing and trapping particulate matter. Agricultural practices, including the use of heating systems in greenhouses, can also contribute to localized pollution. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, the agricultural season’s start can introduce dust from tilling and fertilizer application. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, and robust wind patterns effectively diluting and removing pollutants. The lush vegetation also contributes to air purification. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Stubble burning after harvest, a traditional agricultural practice, can lead to short-term spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or calm conditions. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural emissions. Overall, the city’s air quality is generally favourable during the summer months, making it an ideal time for outdoor recreation.