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Arenoso, nestled within the Cibao Nordeste region of the Dominican Republic at coordinates 19.1800, -69.8500, is a small city of approximately 14,062 inhabitants. Its location is defined by a gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the Cibao Valley, transitioning towards the Cordillera Septentrional mountains to the north. This valley floor setting, while fertile, creates a natural basin that can trap pollutants. Arenoso isn’t directly on the coast, but is situated roughly 20km inland from the Samaná Bay, meaning maritime breezes offer some, though often limited, dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by small-scale farming of plantains, bananas, and other tropical crops. While Arenoso itself isn’t heavily industrialised, the broader Cibao region experiences some industrial activity concentrated around larger cities like San Francisco de Macorís, which can contribute to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Arenoso quickly gives way to rural farmland. This proximity to agricultural land introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural waste. The city’s elevation, around 150m above sea level, influences atmospheric mixing and the potential for temperature inversions, impacting pollutant concentration.

Arenoso’s air quality follows a distinct wet and dry season pattern. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, sees the lowest rainfall and increased dust resuspension from agricultural activities and unpaved roads, leading to elevated particulate matter levels. This is exacerbated by stable atmospheric conditions and reduced wind speeds. February and March are often the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall which effectively washes away particulate pollutants, improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and allergens, impacting respiratory health. August and September, coinciding with the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, often experience heavy rainfall and strong winds, providing significant, though temporary, air quality relief. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely. The transition months of April/May and November/December can be unpredictable, requiring increased vigilance.