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Bávaro, situated in the Yuma State of the Dominican Republic (coordinates 18.7170° N, 68.4500° W), occupies a unique coastal position on the eastern edge of the island, directly facing the Atlantic Ocean. The city’s geography is dominated by a low-lying coastal plain, gently sloping towards the sea, characteristic of the larger eastern region of the Dominican Republic. This terrain, combined with its proximity to the Punta Cana International Airport, contributes to a relatively flat urban landscape. Bávaro’s location within the larger Punta Cana tourism corridor means it’s surrounded by extensive stretches of white-sand beaches and turquoise waters, a major draw for international visitors. The surrounding landscape is a mix of coconut plantations, golf courses, and increasingly, resort developments, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient where tourism infrastructure gradually blends into agricultural and natural areas. While Bávaro itself lacks significant heavy industry, it’s situated within a region experiencing agricultural activity, primarily focused on sugarcane and tropical fruits, which can contribute to localized emissions. The prevailing trade winds, typical of the Caribbean, generally blow from the east, influencing the dispersal of pollutants. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s coastal location also means it’s susceptible to sea breezes, which can both dilute and concentrate air pollutants depending on atmospheric stability.

Bávaro experiences a tropical climate with a distinct wet and dry season, rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, roughly from December to April, typically sees lower humidity and more consistent trade winds, generally leading to improved air quality. However, the increased tourism during this period can contribute to higher levels of vehicle emissions and localized pollution from resort activities. The wet season, from May to November, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity. While the rain itself can help cleanse the atmosphere, the increased humidity can trap pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during periods of reduced wind. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur, further exacerbating this effect. The months of August and September, coinciding with the peak of the hurricane season, often experience stagnant air masses and reduced wind speeds, potentially leading to a build-up of pollutants. During these periods, sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions should limit prolonged outdoor exposure and remain indoors with air conditioning when possible. The consistent trade winds usually provide good ventilation, but periods of calm can be problematic. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally contribute to localized smoke events, particularly during land clearing activities. Overall, the dry season offers the most favourable conditions for air quality, while the transition months of May and November require heightened awareness and precautionary measures.