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Pantanal, Yuma, Dominican Republic, nestled within the southwestern coastal plains, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 18.5586° N, -68.3694° W, the city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of low wind. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from coastal scrubland and mangrove ecosystems to the drier, more agricultural interior of the Yuma province. This proximity to agricultural zones, while vital for the regional economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from farming practices, including pesticide spraying and soil erosion. The city’s location along the southern coast means it’s susceptible to trade winds, which can both disperse pollutants and, conversely, trap them under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Pantanal itself is a moderately sized urban center, with agricultural land quickly encroaching on its periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Pantanal, but regional agricultural processing facilities located further inland can contribute to occasional air quality events. The nearby Caribbean Sea moderates temperatures, but also introduces the potential for sea salt aerosols, which can interact with other pollutants. The terrain is generally flat, limiting natural ventilation and exacerbating the effects of temperature inversions, a common phenomenon in the region.

Pantanal’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine. While this might seem beneficial, it often leads to stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during these months, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue removal, intensifies during the dry season, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. The prevailing trade winds, while usually a mitigating factor, can weaken or shift, further contributing to pollutant accumulation. The wet season, from May to November, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity. These conditions generally improve air quality by washing away particulate matter and increasing atmospheric mixing. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased mold and fungal spore concentrations, impacting respiratory health. Fog, particularly during the transition months (May and November), can trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during periods of stagnant air and agricultural burning. The shoulder months (May and November) require vigilance due to potential fog and fluctuating wind patterns.