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Jijiga, the capital of the Somali Region in Ethiopia, occupies a strategically important position within the Horn of Africa, characterized by a semi-arid climate and a distinctive geographical setting. Located at approximately 9.35°N, 42.80°E and an elevation of roughly 1,360 meters (4,462 feet) above sea level, the city sits on a plateau within the Ethiopian Highlands, a landscape dominated by undulating plains and scattered hills. The surrounding terrain is largely savannah and rangeland, supporting pastoralist communities and extensive livestock grazing, a significant factor in regional dust emissions. Jijiga’s proximity to the Somali border influences its urban character, exhibiting a blend of traditional Somali architecture and modern development. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding sparsely populated areas. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, seasonal *wadis* (ephemeral riverbeds) traverse the landscape, occasionally contributing to localized flooding and sediment transport. There are no significant industrial belts immediately surrounding Jijiga; however, the city serves as a market center for agricultural products from the wider Somali Region, including livestock, sorghum, and maize. This agricultural activity, coupled with the prevalence of dust storms originating from the arid plains, significantly impacts the city’s air quality. The plateau location, while offering some elevation-driven wind dispersal, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The expansive, sparsely vegetated landscape contributes to a high potential for windblown dust, a dominant factor in Jijiga's air quality profile.

Jijiga’s air quality is inextricably linked to its distinct wet and dry seasons, a pattern dictated by the broader monsoon system affecting the Horn of Africa. The longer dry season, typically spanning from October to April, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, minimal rainfall leads to parched landscapes, intensifying dust generation from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Strong, persistent winds, common during this period, readily lift and transport these particles, resulting in elevated levels of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are also more frequent during the dry season, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The months of January and February often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of these factors. Conversely, the shorter wet season (April to September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away accumulated dust and reducing wind speeds. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localized flooding and the release of mold spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur during the transition months, trapping pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust events. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also recommended. The transition periods between seasons can be unpredictable, with sudden shifts in wind patterns and rainfall, requiring vigilance regarding air quality conditions.