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Ābīy Ādī, nestled within the Tigray Region of Ethiopia at approximately 13.6231° latitude and 39.0017° longitude, occupies a geographically significant position within the rugged Ethiopian highlands. The city’s terrain is characterized by steep slopes and valleys, typical of the region’s mountainous landscape, resulting in a relatively high elevation. This elevation, combined with the surrounding landscape of rolling hills and agricultural fields, influences local air circulation patterns. Ābīy Ādī is situated within a predominantly rural area, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards from the town center. While not directly adjacent to major rivers or lakes, the region receives substantial rainfall during the wet season, contributing to localized humidity and potential fog formation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by small-scale agriculture, primarily focused on teff and barley cultivation, which can contribute to particulate matter through field burning practices, particularly during the dry season. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Ābīy Ādī; however, the region’s reliance on traditional cooking methods using biomass fuels (wood and charcoal) within households is a key factor impacting local air quality. The topography creates localized microclimates, where air stagnation can occur, especially within valleys, exacerbating the effects of emissions. The city’s relatively small size and dispersed population contribute to a less dense urban footprint, but the reliance on biomass for heating and cooking remains a persistent challenge.

The air quality in Ābīy Ādī follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Ethiopia’s climate. The long rainy season, typically spanning from June to September, generally brings improved air quality due to frequent rainfall that washes away particulate matter and increased wind speeds that disperse pollutants. However, periods of heavy fog can occasionally trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized poor air quality events. The dry season, from October to May, presents a more significant challenge. During this period, reduced rainfall and lower humidity lead to a build-up of dust and particulate matter, particularly from agricultural activities and road traffic. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (November-February), can trap pollutants in the valleys surrounding the city, leading to periods of stagnant air and elevated concentrations of fine particles. The months of January and February are often the most challenging, with a combination of cooler temperatures, temperature inversions, and agricultural burning contributing to poorer air quality. During the transition months (May and September), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning or fog. Limiting outdoor exertion and using appropriate respiratory protection can help mitigate potential health impacts. The prevalence of biomass cooking necessitates improved ventilation in homes to minimize indoor air pollution, which can significantly impact respiratory health.