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Korem, nestled in the Tigray region of Ethiopia at coordinates 12.5000°N, 39.5167°E, occupies a challenging geographical position. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 2,070 meters (6,791 feet) within the rugged Ethiopian Highlands. This high altitude significantly impacts air quality, contributing to lower oxygen levels and potentially exacerbating the effects of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is characterised by steep escarpments, deep valleys, and a semi-arid climate. Korem is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though seasonal streams and wadis are present, often drying up during the dry season. The immediate area is predominantly agricultural, with subsistence farming being the dominant economic activity. However, increasing population density and limited industrial regulation are introducing localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Korem is a relatively small town, quickly transitioning to rural farmland. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during land preparation and harvesting, is a significant contributor to particulate matter in the air. The terrain restricts air circulation, increasing the likelihood of pollutant accumulation, especially during temperature inversions. The city’s location within a rain shadow further contributes to drier conditions and increased dust suspension.

Korem experiences a distinct bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ seasons rather than traditional four seasons. The primary wet season, *kiremt*, runs from June to September, bringing relief from dust and temporarily improving air quality as rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The dry season, *bega*, from October to May, is characterised by consistently poor air quality. January to March are particularly challenging, with strong, dry winds sweeping across the landscape, lifting dust and agricultural residue. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler nights of the *bega* season, trapping pollutants near ground level. The short rainy season, *belg*, from February to April, offers brief respite, but is often insufficient to fully cleanse the air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the *bega* season, particularly in January, February and March. Wearing masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors during periods of high dust is advisable. The transition periods between wet and dry seasons often see fluctuating air quality.