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Gesuba, nestled within the YeDebub Bihēroch Bihēreseboch na Hizboch region of Ethiopia (approximately 6.7242° N, 37.5567° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Ethiopian Highlands. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of this region, with an elevation that contributes to localized microclimates. Situated relatively far from major river systems, Gesuba’s immediate surroundings are primarily agricultural, with small-scale farming dominating the rural landscape. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, as well as from the burning of agricultural waste. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields bordering the city limits. While not directly adjacent to large bodies of water, the region experiences seasonal rainfall, influencing humidity levels and impacting atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of cultivated fields, scattered woodlands, and grazing areas for livestock. There are no immediately apparent large-scale industrial belts directly impacting Gesuba, however, regional transport routes likely pass nearby, contributing to vehicle emissions. The highland location, combined with the valley topography, can lead to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather, exacerbating the impact of any pollution sources. The prevailing winds, though generally moderate, can be influenced by the surrounding terrain, creating complex airflow patterns that affect pollutant dispersion.

Gesuba’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Ethiopia’s broader climate. The wet season, typically spanning from June to September, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased moisture helps trap pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to soil erosion and dust storms, temporarily degrading air quality. The dry season, from October to May, presents a more complex picture. Initially, October and November see relatively clear skies and moderate temperatures, offering favorable conditions for outdoor activities. As December and January arrive, temperatures drop, and the potential for temperature inversions increases, particularly within the valleys surrounding Gesuba. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter. February and March are often characterized by increased agricultural activity, including burning of crop residues, which significantly contributes to localized air pollution. April marks the transition back to the wet season, with gradually increasing rainfall and a slow improvement in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of temperature inversions and agricultural burning. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during these times is advisable. The increased humidity during the wet season can exacerbate respiratory issues for some, so maintaining indoor air quality is also important.