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Dillingen, nestled in the Bavarian region of Germany, occupies a unique geographic position within the Danube-Iller river basin. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 480 meters above sea level, gently sloping upwards towards the Swabian Alps to the north and east. This terrain influences local air circulation, creating pockets where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills, agricultural lands – primarily arable farming and some livestock – and mixed forests, typical of the Bavarian foothills. Dillingen isn’t directly adjacent to a major industrial belt, but benefits from regional economic activity centred around Augsburg and Munich, which can contribute to long-range pollutant transport. The Iller river flows nearby, offering some natural ventilation but also potentially trapping moisture and contributing to fog formation. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre transitions quickly to open farmland and forested areas. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of ammonia from fertilizer use, impacting particulate matter formation. The city’s compact urban form, while historically preserved, can also limit natural air dispersion, especially in sheltered valleys and narrow streets. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Dillingen.

Dillingen’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest air quality due to stable high-pressure systems and temperature inversions. Cold air becomes trapped in the valley, concentrating emissions from wood-burning stoves – a common heating source – and vehicle exhaust. Fog, frequent during these months, exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, like fertilizer application, can temporarily elevate ammonia levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds flushing out pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual decline in air quality as heating demand increases and atmospheric stability returns. November is often a transition month with increased particulate matter from leaf decomposition and early heating. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and periods of fog. Monitoring pollen counts is also advisable in spring. Avoiding peak traffic hours and choosing active travel options when possible can further reduce exposure.