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Yendi, located in Ghana’s Northern Region, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian transitional zone. Situated at approximately 9.4337° N latitude and -0.0167° E longitude, the city’s elevation averages around 180 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively open landscape. The surrounding terrain is predominantly savanna grassland, punctuated by sparse woodlands and occasional rocky outcrops, characteristic of the wider Northern Ghana environment. Yendi’s location is inland, far from major coastal influences, and lacks proximity to significant bodies of water; the nearby White Volta River, while a vital resource, doesn’t exert a strong moderating effect on local air quality. The urban fabric of Yendi is a blend of traditional compound dwellings and more modern constructions, reflecting its historical role as a regional trading hub and administrative centre. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural zones – primarily smallholder farming of crops like maize, sorghum, and millet – dominating the immediate periphery. While Yendi itself doesn't possess extensive heavy industry, its role as a market town means vehicular traffic, particularly from trucks transporting agricultural goods, is a notable factor. Dust storms, common in the Sahel, are a significant contributor to particulate matter, exacerbated by the dry, windy conditions and the prevalence of unpaved roads. The regional position, bordering areas with varying land use practices, influences the transport of pollutants across the landscape, making Yendi susceptible to regional air quality events.

Yendi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, presents the most challenging conditions. Characterized by minimal rainfall and consistently high temperatures, this period witnesses a surge in dust and particulate matter concentrations. Strong, persistent winds, often originating from the Sahara, transport vast quantities of dust across the region, significantly reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. The harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind, is particularly impactful during this time. Conversely, the wet season (May to October) brings a period of relative improvement. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity can help to settle dust particles. However, agricultural practices during the wet season, including burning of crop residues, can contribute to localised pollution episodes. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants during cooler mornings. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the wet season months of June, July, and August, when rainfall is more consistent. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and taking necessary precautions such as wearing masks and staying indoors when dust storms are prevalent. The transition months of May and October can be unpredictable, with fluctuating conditions requiring vigilance.