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Alexándreia, nestled in the heart of Kentrikí Makedonía, Greece, occupies a strategic, yet geographically complex, position. The city sits approximately 40.6333° N, 22.4500° E, at an elevation of roughly 110 meters above sea level. This places it within a broad, fertile plain, historically significant for agricultural production, particularly cereals and cotton. The surrounding landscape is characterised by gently rolling hills, transitioning to the foothills of the Vermio Mountains to the west, creating a natural bowl-like topography. This terrain can contribute to localised air stagnation. The Axios River, a major waterway in northern Greece, flows relatively close to Alexándreia, influencing local humidity and potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. While not heavily industrialised, the region supports some manufacturing and food processing, contributing to emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact with a population of around 12,718, quickly giving way to agricultural land. This proximity to farming introduces seasonal particulate matter from agricultural activities like harvesting and tilling. The prevailing winds, often from the north and northeast, can transport pollutants from larger industrial centres further north, impacting Alexándreia’s air quality. Understanding this interplay of topography, land use, and wind patterns is crucial for assessing and mitigating pollution risks.

Alexándreia experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, leading to elevated particulate matter from field preparation and potential burning of agricultural waste. Winds are variable, sometimes dispersing pollutants, other times allowing them to accumulate. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, with stronger prevailing winds and less agricultural activity. However, high temperatures can promote ground-level ozone formation, particularly on calm, sunny days. Autumn (September-November) brings a return to agricultural burning as harvests conclude, significantly worsening particulate matter levels. This period is often marked by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is characterised by colder temperatures and increased use of solid fuels for heating, leading to higher concentrations of smoke and particulate matter. Fog is also common, exacerbating pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring can also pose risks due to agricultural emissions. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near agricultural areas during burning periods is advisable. The clearest air is generally found during the summer months.