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Kilkís, nestled in the heart of Kentrikí Makedonía, Greece, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Pélagonian plain, a fertile valley straddling the border with North Macedonia. Its coordinates (40.9833, 22.8667) place it at an elevation of approximately 70 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The city’s urban character is distinctly provincial, characterized by a compact core of traditional Macedonian architecture gradually transitioning into more modern residential areas. Kilkís is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural fields – primarily maize, wheat, and tobacco – forming a strong urban-rural gradient. To the west, the Axios River flows, providing a vital water source and influencing local microclimates. The surrounding terrain is gently undulating, with low hills rising to the east and south, which can sometimes trap pollutants under specific meteorological conditions. While Kilkís itself lacks major heavy industry, it sits within a region experiencing agricultural intensification, which can contribute to ammonia emissions and particulate matter from field burning, particularly during harvest seasons. The proximity to North Macedonia also means that transboundary pollution events are a possibility, with air masses potentially carrying pollutants from industrial zones in neighboring countries. The relatively flat topography of the Pélagonian plain, while beneficial for agriculture, can also exacerbate air quality issues by limiting dispersion of pollutants, especially when wind speeds are low. The city’s location within a major transportation corridor further contributes to localized pollution from vehicular traffic.

Kilkís experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, characterized by stable atmospheric conditions and frequent temperature inversions, particularly during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to potential build-up of particulate matter and ozone precursors. Agricultural activities, including irrigation and the use of machinery, also contribute to summer pollution. Autumn (September-November) brings a shift to cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere and reduce pollutant concentrations. However, this season also sees increased agricultural burning, a traditional practice that releases significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter, impacting air quality considerably. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging period, with colder temperatures, frequent fog, and reduced wind speeds. These conditions promote the accumulation of pollutants, especially those from residential heating (often using wood or other biomass fuels). Spring (March-May) offers a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise, winds increase, and rainfall becomes more frequent, dispersing pollutants and washing them from the atmosphere. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer mornings and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or visible haze. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution episodes is also advisable. The agricultural cycle dictates periods of heightened concern, particularly during autumn’s harvest season.