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Tríkala, nestled in the Thessalía region of Greece, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pinios River valley, a fertile plain bordered by the Cambúnos and Koúkou mountains. Its coordinates (39.5500, 21.7667) place it at an elevation of approximately 180 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally mild climate. The city’s urban character is a blend of historical charm and modern development, with a compact core surrounded by expanding residential areas. The Pinios River, flowing eastward, plays a crucial role in the region’s agricultural productivity, supporting extensive farmland dedicated to crops like wheat, barley, and cotton. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones introduces potential sources of air pollution, particularly from fertilizer application and agricultural burning, although regulations aim to mitigate these impacts. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves away from the city center. To the west, the Cambúnos mountains create a barrier, influencing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The region’s position within central Greece means it’s not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, reducing the impact of heavy industrial emissions. However, the city’s connection to the national road network facilitates transportation and associated vehicle emissions. The valley’s topography, while generally favorable for ventilation, can occasionally lead to localized air quality issues, especially during periods of stagnant air or temperature inversions. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of factors influencing Tríkala’s air quality.

Tríkala’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) typically sees improved air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing any accumulated pollutants. However, this period also coincides with agricultural activities, potentially leading to localized spikes in particulate matter from field preparation and, occasionally, controlled burns. Summer (June-August) is generally characterized by hot, dry conditions and relatively stable atmospheric layers. While sunlight promotes photochemical reactions that can form ozone, the prevailing winds usually prevent significant accumulation. Autumn (September-November) often presents the most challenging period. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still contribute to elevated particulate matter levels, particularly in October and November. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, which can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions and lead to fog formation. This combination can trap pollutants, resulting in periods of reduced visibility and potentially poorer air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during autumn and winter, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure on days with stagnant air or fog. During the warmer months, while ozone may be present, the risk is generally lower due to increased ventilation. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality information is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.