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Týrnavos, nestled in the heart of Thessalía, Greece, occupies a significant position within the country’s largest plain, the Thessalian Plain. The city’s coordinates (39.7333, 22.2833) place it approximately 15km west of Larissa, the regional capital, and roughly equidistant between the mountainous Pindus range to the west and the Aegean Sea to the east. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of alluvial plains formed by the Peneios River, which flows nearby. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, also limits natural air dispersion. Týrnavos is a key agricultural hub, surrounded by extensive cultivated lands – primarily cotton, wheat, and orchards – contributing to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural practices like tilling and harvesting. The urban-rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller villages blending into the agricultural landscape. While not heavily industrialized, the presence of food processing and packaging facilities adds to potential emission sources. The plain’s geography can trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions, exacerbating air quality issues. Proximity to the Peneios River offers some limited natural ventilation, but prevailing winds often carry pollutants across the plain, impacting Týrnavos and surrounding settlements. The city’s growth has led to increased traffic, a further contributor to localised pollution.

Air quality in Týrnavos follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural activities – ploughing, sowing, and the burning of agricultural waste. Gentle breezes can offer some relief, but stable atmospheric conditions are common, trapping pollutants. Summer (June-August) typically experiences better air quality, driven by stronger winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion, though ozone levels can increase with intense sunlight. However, heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and localised pollution build-up. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Harvesting activities generate dust, and the onset of heating systems contributes to increased emissions of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Winter (December-February) sees continued reliance on heating, coupled with reduced sunlight and weaker winds, leading to persistent pollution episodes. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west can bring pollutants from industrial areas further inland. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also minimise exposure.