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San José Poaquil, nestled within the department of Chimaltenango in Guatemala, occupies a geographically significant position within the Guatemalan Highlands. Located at approximately 14.8167° latitude and -90.9000° longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 1,950 meters (6,400 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and volcanic terrain, characteristic of the Central Highlands volcanic arc. This terrain influences local wind patterns, often creating sheltered valleys and areas prone to temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants. The town’s proximity to Lake Atitlán, approximately 20 kilometers to the west, introduces a moderating influence on humidity and temperature, though prevailing winds can occasionally carry lake-borne moisture and associated particulate matter. The urban fabric of San José Poaquil is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of around 33,932. The immediate surroundings are a blend of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to maize and bean cultivation, and smaller-scale livestock farming. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from burning fields. Further afield, the urban–rural gradient transitions into more extensive coffee plantations and forested areas, providing some natural air filtration. The town’s location within a valley can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of stagnant air, as pollutants struggle to disperse. The lack of major industrial zones directly within San José Poaquil mitigates some industrial pollution risks, but regional transport corridors can introduce external pollutants.

San José Poaquil experiences a tropical highland climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, promoting the formation of temperature inversions, especially during the cooler nights. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying their concentration. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, peaks during this period, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and contributing to hazy conditions. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere and improves air quality. However, periods of heavy fog, particularly in the mornings, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-borne pollutants. Wind patterns are generally variable, but during the dry season, periods of calm air are more frequent, further hindering pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor activity, especially during early morning hours when inversions are most prevalent. The months of January and February often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of agricultural burning and stable atmospheric conditions. Conversely, June and July, with consistent rainfall, typically offer the best air quality. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide relief during periods of elevated outdoor pollution.