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Pasaco, nestled within the Jutiapa department of Guatemala, occupies a geographically significant position within the country's southern highlands. Located at approximately 13.98° latitude and -90.20° longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 650 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally temperate climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of rolling hills, agricultural lands, and patches of remnant tropical dry forest. Pasaco’s proximity to the Pacific coastal plain, approximately 50 kilometers to the south, influences regional weather patterns and introduces potential sources of pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The town’s urban character is distinctly rural, with a relatively small population of 11,229, suggesting a predominantly agrarian economy. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural fields and small farms extending outwards from the town’s core. Significant agricultural activity, particularly maize and bean cultivation, is prevalent in the immediate vicinity, potentially contributing to localized particulate matter from field burning practices, especially during harvest seasons. While Pasaco isn't directly adjacent to major industrial zones, it lies within a region experiencing increasing development, and potential industrial activity in nearby towns could impact air quality. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating localized air quality issues. The lack of significant bodies of water nearby limits natural air purification processes, further influencing the local atmospheric conditions.

Pasaco’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; farmers frequently employ controlled burns to clear fields for planting, releasing significant amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to linger. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can sometimes mobilize dust and soil particles, temporarily increasing particulate levels. Fog, particularly in the early mornings during the transition periods between seasons, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during agricultural burning periods. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential dust events remains important. The intensity of the dry season’s impact on air quality can vary significantly year to year, depending on rainfall patterns and agricultural practices.