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Pueblo Nuevo, nestled within the Suchitepéquez department of Guatemala, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pacific coastal plain. Located at approximately 14.65° N, 91.53° W and an elevation of roughly 650 meters above sea level, the town benefits from a relatively moderate climate compared to lower-lying coastal areas. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of rolling hills, agricultural fields, and patches of remnant tropical dry forest. Suchitepéquez, historically a key agricultural region, features extensive coffee plantations and maize fields, contributing to the regional economy and, potentially, localized air quality concerns related to agricultural practices. Pueblo Nuevo itself exhibits a typical small-town urban character, with a central plaza and radiating residential and commercial zones. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the built environment to agricultural lands and forested areas. Its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, though not immediate, influences regional weather patterns and can contribute to the transport of pollutants from industrial areas further west. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap stagnant air, particularly during periods of low wind, exacerbating localized pollution episodes. The town’s location within a valley-like depression further contributes to this potential for air quality degradation, as it limits dispersion of pollutants. The absence of major industrial belts directly within Pueblo Nuevo mitigates some risks, but regional agricultural activity and transportation corridors remain key factors.

Pueblo Nuevo experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, dictating a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often sees a build-up of particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere, and agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation, significantly contributes to elevated levels of smoke and dust. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these cooler, drier months, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also mobilize dust and soil, temporarily degrading air quality. Fog, particularly during the transition months (April/May and October/November), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. During the dry season, sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions should limit prolonged outdoor activity, especially during early morning hours. The wet season generally offers more favorable conditions for outdoor recreation, though vigilance regarding potential dust events following heavy rainfall is advised. Agricultural practices are a key driver of seasonal variation; minimizing burning and adopting sustainable farming techniques are crucial for mitigating air quality impacts. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature, and rainfall dictates the overall air quality profile throughout the year, with the dry season presenting the greatest challenges.