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Anse-à-Foleur, nestled in Haiti’s Nord-Ouest department, occupies a geographically significant position along the northern coast. Situated at approximately 19.8926° N, 72.6201° W, the town’s location is heavily influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding mountainous terrain. The landscape is characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the coastal settlement to the verdant hills and valleys of the interior. Elevation is relatively low, generally below 100 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants near the surface, particularly during periods of calm weather. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands, primarily small-scale farming focused on crops like maize, beans, and plantains, alongside some livestock rearing. While Anse-à-Foleur itself lacks significant industrial zones, its regional position places it within a broader agricultural belt, and occasional transport of goods and agricultural byproducts can contribute to localized air quality concerns. The coastal location means the town experiences consistent sea breezes, which can both disperse pollutants and, under certain conditions, transport them from other areas. The terrain, with its hills and valleys, creates microclimates that can influence local air circulation patterns, leading to variations in air quality across the town. The overall urban character is that of a small, developing coastal community, with limited infrastructure and a reliance on informal transportation, factors that can impact air quality.

Anse-à-Foleur’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, especially during periods of intense solar radiation following rainfall. The dry season, from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and more stable atmospheric conditions. This often leads to temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and allowing pollutants to accumulate near the surface. During this period, smoke from cooking fires, often utilizing wood or charcoal, becomes a more significant contributor to air pollution. Sea breezes, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can be weaker during the dry season, further exacerbating the issue. Months like January and February, with their consistently dry and stable conditions, are often periods when air quality is most likely to be impacted by localized sources. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor activity during peak daylight hours. The increased humidity during the wet season can also aggravate asthma and other respiratory illnesses, requiring careful management of medication and indoor air quality.