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Jean-Rabel, nestled in the Nord-Ouest department of Haiti (coordinates 19.8500, -73.2000), occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s northern landscape. The city’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Massif du Nord mountain range, influencing local wind patterns and air circulation. Situated approximately 250 meters above sea level, Jean-Rabel benefits from a relatively moderate climate compared to coastal areas, but its elevation also contributes to potential temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture – primarily sugarcane, bananas, and coffee – interspersed with patches of dry forest and scrubland. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient around Jean-Rabel is gradual, with small villages and farming communities blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The city itself exhibits a typical Haitian urban character: a dense network of streets, predominantly unpaved, with a mix of informal and formal housing. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Jean-Rabel draws water from smaller streams and springs originating in the Massif du Nord, impacting water quality and indirectly influencing atmospheric conditions. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within immediate proximity mitigates some pollution risks, but the reliance on charcoal for cooking and heating remains a significant factor affecting local air quality.

Jean-Rabel’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The wet season, typically spanning from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, intense storms can stir up dust and debris, temporarily degrading conditions. The dry season, from November to April, presents a more complex picture. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of pollutants, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating respiratory issues. Wind patterns are generally variable, but during the dry season, periods of calm air can prolong the stagnation of pollutants. The burning of charcoal for cooking and heating, a widespread practice, is a consistent source of particulate matter throughout the year, but its impact is amplified during the dry season when ventilation is reduced. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning or stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding storm-related dust is advised. The transition months (April and November) often experience fluctuating air quality as the climate shifts between wet and dry conditions, requiring adaptable health precautions.