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Les Anglais, nestled in the Sud department of Haiti (coordinates 18.3058, -74.2192), occupies a geographically significant position along Haiti’s southern coast. The city’s name, a historical nod to its early English settlers, belies a landscape dominated by rolling hills and valleys, transitioning to a coastal plain that meets the Caribbean Sea. Situated approximately 100 meters above sea level, Les Anglais benefits from a moderate elevation, influencing local wind patterns and temperature fluctuations. The surrounding terrain is characterized by a mix of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and fruit plantations – and patches of remnant tropical dry forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to potential air quality concerns, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, with a clear delineation between the built environment and the surrounding agricultural zones. The proximity to the Caribbean Sea introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures and occasionally bringing in sea breezes that can disperse pollutants. However, the sea also contributes to humidity, which can trap particulate matter under certain atmospheric conditions. Further inland, the landscape rises gradually, eventually merging with the Massif de la Hotte, a significant mountain range that impacts regional weather systems and influences the flow of air masses across the region. The lack of major industrial belts directly adjacent to Les Anglais mitigates some pollution risks, but transportation-related emissions and agricultural practices remain key factors.

Les Anglais experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, dictating the seasonal air quality narrative. The dry season, typically spanning from December to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and lower wind speeds. This period is characterized by increased dust from agricultural activities, particularly sugarcane burning, and a greater propensity for temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the ground. February and March are often the months with the most noticeable impact from agricultural burning. The wet season, from May to November, brings more frequent rainfall and stronger winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed out and dispersed. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which, combined with stagnant air, can temporarily trap particulate matter. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), unpredictable weather patterns can result in fluctuating air quality. Fog, particularly during the early morning hours, is more common during the drier months and can exacerbate the effects of trapped pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods, typically mid-morning and early afternoon. Increased vigilance regarding respiratory health is advised during these times, and preventative measures like wearing masks may be beneficial. The humid conditions of the wet season can also trigger respiratory issues for some, so maintaining indoor air quality is important year-round.