Surat, situated in the western Indian state of Gujarat, occupies a strategic position on the banks of the Tapi River near its confluence with the Arabian Sea, approximately 25 kilometres inland. This coastal proximity, combined with its location in the flat alluvial plains of the Tapi basin, profoundly influences its urban character and air quality dynamics. The city's elevation averages just 13 metres above sea level, creating a low-lying terrain that traps pollutants, especially during calm weather conditions. Surat lies at the heart of Gujarat's industrial corridor, surrounded by extensive textile mills, diamond polishing units, chemical plants, and the bustling Hazira industrial belt to the southwest, which includes major port facilities and petrochemical complexes. This industrial concentration, coupled with rapid urban expansion and construction activities, generates significant emissions that are often contained by the region's topography. The urban–rural gradient shows dense built-up areas transitioning to agricultural zones growing cotton, sugarcane, and pulses, though farm residue burning is less prevalent here than in northern India. The Tapi River and nearby coastal wetlands provide some natural ventilation, but sea breezes can sometimes recirculate pollutants rather than disperse them, particularly when combined with urban heat island effects. Surat's position as a major economic hub in South Asia, with its port handling substantial shipping traffic, adds maritime emissions to its pollution burden, making geography a key determinant of its air quality challenges.

Surat's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its tropical monsoon climate. During the winter months from November to February, pollution peaks due to a combination of meteorological factors: cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, while calm winds and frequent fog reduce dispersion. This period coincides with increased industrial activity and construction post-monsoon, making it the worst time for outdoor exercise, especially for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, who should limit exposure and use masks. The summer season from March to May brings extreme heat, which can elevate ozone levels from vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, though stronger daytime winds provide some relief; early mornings are preferable for outdoor activities before temperatures soar. The monsoon from June to September offers the cleanest air, as heavy rainfall washes away particulate matter and winds disperse pollutants, making this the best time for outdoor pursuits. However, flooding hazards can temporarily worsen air quality by stirring up sediments and debris. Post-monsoon, from October onward, pollution begins to climb again as dry conditions return, with November through January being particularly hazardous due to festive fireworks and agricultural burning in surrounding regions, though less intense than in north India. Year-round, sensitive individuals should monitor local air quality advisories and avoid high-traffic areas during peak hours.