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Akot, a municipality in Akola district, Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 21.1000° N latitude and 77.0600° E longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the plateau’s landscape. Its elevation, around 338 meters (1110 feet) above sea level, contributes to localized temperature variations and influences atmospheric stability. Akot is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily cultivating cotton, pulses, and oilseeds – a typical feature of the Vidarbha region. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution through biomass burning during harvest and residue management. The urban–rural gradient around Akot is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural fields transitioning seamlessly into the city’s built environment. While Akot lacks direct proximity to major rivers or large bodies of water, the nearby Purna River, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels. The city’s location isn't directly within a major industrial belt, but it serves as a regional trading hub, with vehicular traffic contributing to localized air pollution. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, carry pollutants from surrounding agricultural areas and distant industrial zones, impacting Akot’s air quality. The plateau’s topography can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Akot’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and agricultural practices. The dry season, roughly from March to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped below warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural residue burning after the harvest of crops like cotton and soybean significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations during this period. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse accumulated emissions. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and stagnant air pockets, occasionally impacting air quality. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and gradually increasing wind speeds, leading to a moderate improvement in air quality. Winter months (December to February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and fog, particularly in the mornings. Fog traps pollutants near the ground, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and elevated particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and foggy winter mornings, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should prioritize protective measures during residue burning periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also offer some protection.