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Anjangaon, nestled within the state of Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position at coordinates 21.1500°N, 77.2800°E. The city’s terrain is characterised by undulating plains, typical of the Deccan Plateau, with a moderate elevation contributing to relatively stable atmospheric conditions. Situated inland, Anjangaon isn’t directly influenced by coastal breezes, a factor impacting pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily cotton and soybean cultivation, interspersed with patches of deciduous forest. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a key source of particulate matter. The city’s proximity to larger industrial hubs like Nagpur, approximately 70km to the east, introduces long-range transport of pollutants. Anjangaon’s urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre experiences higher concentrations of vehicular emissions and localised industrial activity, while the periphery is more affected by agricultural practices. The lack of significant water bodies nearby limits evaporative cooling and can exacerbate heat island effects, trapping pollutants. The regional climate, a hot semi-arid type, further influences air quality through dust storms and limited rainfall for natural cleansing. This combination of factors creates a unique air quality profile for Anjangaon.

Anjangaon’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of dust and pollutants from agricultural burning. Strong temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. October and November, post-monsoon, also see elevated pollution levels due to the burning of crop residue after the harvest. The monsoon season, from June to September, offers a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. Winter, from December to February, brings cooler temperatures and calmer winds, leading to a build-up of pollutants, particularly from domestic fuel burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and October-November. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using masks when outdoors are recommended. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but caution is still advised due to potential waterborne diseases.