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Jalgaon, situated in the Khandesh region of northern Maharashtra, occupies a strategic position on the Deccan Plateau at an elevation of approximately 209 meters above sea level. The city lies along the banks of the Girna River, a tributary of the Tapti River, which flows through the fertile plains of the Tapti River basin. This location places Jalgaon within India's prominent cotton-growing belt, surrounded by extensive agricultural zones that transition into urban areas, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient. The terrain is predominantly flat to gently undulating, with the Satpura Range to the north and the Ajanta Range to the south, which can influence local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. Proximity to major transportation corridors, including National Highway 6 and railway lines, exacerbates vehicle emissions, while the city's industrial activities—such as cotton ginning, banana processing, and gold refinement—are concentrated in and around urban fringes. The lack of significant water bodies beyond the seasonal Girna River limits natural cleansing of air pollutants, and the semi-arid landscape contributes to high road dust levels. This geographic setting, combined with its position in a valley-like basin, often traps pollutants, particularly during calm weather conditions, making air quality management a critical urban challenge.

In Jalgaon, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern driven by the tropical wet-and-dry climate. During the winter months from November to February, pollution peaks due to a combination of meteorological factors: low temperatures, frequent temperature inversions, and calm winds that trap pollutants near the surface. This period coincides with agricultural burning post-harvest and increased industrial activity, making it the worst time for outdoor activities, especially for sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions. The monsoon season from June to September brings relief as heavy rains wash away particulate matter, and strong winds disperse emissions, resulting in the cleanest air of the year—ideal for outdoor pursuits. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures rise, leading to increased dust resuspension and ozone formation, though conditions remain better than in winter. Autumn (October) marks the transition back to poor air quality as the monsoon retreats and pollution sources intensify. Health guidance emphasizes avoiding outdoor exertion during peak pollution months, using air purifiers indoors, and monitoring local air quality advisories, particularly for vulnerable populations.