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Khetia, nestled in the Osmanabad district of Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 21.6712° N latitude and 74.5853° E longitude, the town’s elevation of around 570 meters above sea level contributes to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, which can, at times, exacerbate pollution accumulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by undulating terrain, transitioning from semi-arid scrubland to pockets of agricultural fields cultivating crops like jowar, bajra, and groundnut. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from tilling and harvesting practices, particularly during peak seasons. Khetia’s proximity to the Latur-Udgir industrial belt, though not immediately adjacent, means it can be affected by industrial emissions carried by prevailing winds. The urban-rural gradient around Khetia is gradual; the town itself is a small, primarily residential settlement with limited heavy industry, but the influence of larger regional centers is felt through transportation corridors and economic linkages. The scarcity of significant bodies of water in the immediate vicinity—the nearest substantial river being the Manjara—limits natural air purification processes. The plateau’s topography, combined with the regional climate, often leads to temperature inversions during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. This geographic setting creates a complex interplay of factors influencing Khetia’s air quality, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.

Khetia’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical wet-dry climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of particulate matter. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields after harvest, intensifies pollution levels, especially in November and December. Temperature inversions are frequent during the winter months (December-February), trapping pollutants and creating stagnant air conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with heavy rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution can arise from construction activities and vehicular emissions. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) often sees a rise in dust and particulate matter due to increased wind speeds and dry conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the monsoon months, although vigilance regarding localized pollution sources remains important. The transition periods between seasons—spring and autumn—can be unpredictable, with fluctuating wind patterns and varying levels of agricultural activity impacting air quality. Maintaining awareness of local conditions and minimizing exposure to potential pollutants is crucial throughout the year.