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Khuldābād, nestled within the state of Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Deccan Plateau landscape. Located at approximately 20.0095° N, 75.1888° E, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the plateau’s gradual slopes. Its elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields – primarily sugarcane and cotton – interspersed with pockets of dry deciduous forest, typical of the region’s climate. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces seasonal biomass burning as a potential pollution source, particularly during harvest periods. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Khuldābād benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation and influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural land dominating the immediate periphery. Further afield, the industrial belt of Pune, a major economic hub, exerts an indirect influence, potentially contributing to transported pollutants. The city’s location within a relatively enclosed basin, though not dramatically so, can occasionally lead to stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed. The prevailing winds generally flow from west to east, carrying pollutants from the western Ghats and potentially impacting air quality. The regional climate, characterized by hot summers and a distinct monsoon season, further shapes the atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion patterns within and around Khuldābād.

Khuldābād’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically see the poorest air quality, driven by rising temperatures and decreasing humidity. This creates stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped below warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. Agricultural burning, prevalent during this period as farmers clear fields for the next planting season, significantly exacerbates the problem. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and strong winds effectively flushing out pollutants. Humidity levels rise, and the frequent downpours naturally cleanse the atmosphere. October and November mark a transitional period, with gradually decreasing rainfall and a return to more stable conditions, though generally less severe than the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are generally the most favourable for outdoor activities, with cooler temperatures and relatively lower pollution levels. However, occasional fog events can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months and avoid prolonged outdoor exposure, especially during peak burning periods. Staying indoors with air purifiers and wearing masks can offer some protection. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, heavy rainfall can still lead to localized flooding and associated issues.