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Shikrapur, Maharashtra, situated at approximately 18.69°N, 74.13°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pune Metropolitan Region. The town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau, with elevations ranging from roughly 550 to 650 meters above sea level. This plateau landscape influences local air circulation patterns, sometimes leading to stagnant conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Shikrapur lies on the periphery of Pune, experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily sugarcane and vegetable farms – and pockets of dry deciduous forest. This proximity to agricultural zones contributes to seasonal particulate matter, especially during harvest periods when burning of crop residue is practiced. The Bhima River flows nearby, offering some localized humidity but not significantly impacting regional air quality dynamics. Further afield, the industrial belt of Pune and Chakan exerts an influence, with emissions potentially transported via prevailing winds. The town’s location, nestled within this transitional zone, means it’s susceptible to both urban and rural pollution sources. The relatively flat surrounding plains can trap pollutants, while the plateau’s topography can channel winds, creating localized areas of higher or lower concentration. The urban sprawl of Pune is steadily encroaching, further altering the landscape and intensifying the pressures on air quality in Shikrapur.

Shikrapur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycle. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap emissions close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. November and December often see increased agricultural burning, adding significantly to particulate matter. The summer months (March-May) bring intense heat, which can increase ozone formation, although this is often secondary to particulate pollution. The onset of the monsoon season (June-September) brings a dramatic improvement in air quality. The strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively ‘wash’ the atmosphere, removing pollutants. However, the initial weeks of the monsoon can experience temporary spikes in pollutants due to dust storms and increased construction activity. Fog, prevalent during the winter months, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during November and December. Limiting outdoor exertion during peak pollution periods and wearing appropriate masks are advisable. The monsoon months offer a respite, but vigilance regarding dust and construction-related pollution remains important.