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Srīvardhan, a coastal town in Maharashtra, India, rests at coordinates 18.0333°N, 73.0167°E, and supports a population of approximately 15,123. Its geography is defined by the Konkan coast, a narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The terrain is undulating, transitioning from the hills inland to the relatively flat coastal plain where Srīvardhan is situated. The town’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Arabian Sea exerts a significant influence on the local climate, providing humidity and moderating temperatures. Surrounding Srīvardhan are agricultural lands, primarily cultivating rice, coconut, and mangoes. While not a major industrial hub itself, the region experiences some industrial activity in nearby areas like Raigad, potentially contributing to regional background pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Srīvardhan maintains a relatively small-town character, but is increasingly connected to larger urban centres like Mumbai and Pune. This connectivity brings increased vehicular traffic. The coastal location means sea breezes can offer temporary relief from stagnant air, but can also transport pollutants from offshore sources. The concentration of population and activity near the shoreline makes Srīvardhan particularly vulnerable to localised air quality issues.

Srīvardhan’s air quality follows a distinct wet-dry seasonal pattern dictated by the Indian monsoon. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings substantial rainfall and washes away many atmospheric pollutants, resulting in generally improved air quality during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February represents the dry season, characterised by lower rainfall and cooler temperatures. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric mixing and increased reliance on biomass burning for heating and cooking. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality. March to May are the hottest and driest months, with strong convective activity that can temporarily disperse pollutants, but also increases dust levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly November to February. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using respiratory masks can offer additional protection. The monsoon months, while offering cleaner air, require caution due to increased humidity and potential for waterborne diseases.