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Tarhāla, nestled in the Osmanabad district of Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 20.39°N, 77.30°E, the town’s elevation averages around 570 meters (1870 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally drier climate and influencing local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by undulating plains and rocky outcrops, typical of the Deccan terrain, with sparse vegetation and agricultural fields dominating the rural periphery. Tarhāla sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban-rural gradient. To the east, the landscape opens into expansive agricultural lands, primarily cultivating rain-fed crops like jowar and groundnut, which can contribute to seasonal dust and particulate matter. To the west, the terrain becomes slightly more rugged. The town’s proximity to the Purna River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of high humidity. While not a major industrial hub, Tarhāla’s connection to regional transport routes and the presence of smaller-scale industries, such as agricultural processing units and workshops, introduce localized pollution sources. The plateau’s topography, combined with the relatively low population density, generally allows for some degree of natural air ventilation, though this can be disrupted by specific meteorological conditions. The overall geographic setting presents a mixed picture, balancing natural ventilation with potential sources of localized air pollution.

Tarhāla’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The dry season, spanning roughly from March to May, is typically characterized by elevated particulate matter concentrations. Strong surface heating leads to atmospheric stability and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands are also common during this period, significantly degrading air quality. Summer months (April-May) are generally the least favourable for outdoor activities, particularly for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. The onset of the monsoon season (June-September) brings a dramatic shift, with rainfall effectively ‘washing’ the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate pollution. Increased wind speeds associated with the monsoon also aid in pollutant dispersion. Humidity levels rise considerably, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a slow increase in pollution levels. Winter months (December-February) are often marked by cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. While temperatures are generally mild, the combination of reduced wind speeds and fog can lead to localized air quality concerns. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification is advisable during these periods. Sensitive groups should monitor local conditions and limit prolonged outdoor exposure when pollution levels are elevated, prioritizing activities during periods of higher wind and rainfall.