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Umred, a city nestled in the heart of Maharashtra, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Vidarbha region. Located at coordinates 20.8500°N, 79.3300°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating plains, typical of the Deccan Plateau. The elevation is modest, contributing to relatively stable atmospheric conditions. Umred is situated near the banks of the Chandrabhaga River, a tributary of the Godavari, which influences local humidity and can contribute to localised fog formation during cooler months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily cotton and soybean farms, interspersed with patches of deciduous forest. A key factor impacting air quality is Umred’s proximity to industrial areas, particularly those associated with coal-based power plants and cement manufacturing in the broader Vidarbha region. These industries release particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the city centre and industrial zones. The city’s growth, coupled with increasing vehicular traffic, further exacerbates pollution levels. Understanding this interplay between natural features and anthropogenic activities is crucial for effective air quality management in Umred.

Umred experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers the cleanest air, as heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a gradual deterioration as the monsoon retreats, and agricultural burning of crop residue becomes prevalent, releasing significant particulate matter. This period often experiences stagnant air conditions, trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality, with temperature inversions frequently occurring, preventing vertical mixing of air and concentrating pollutants near the ground. Low wind speeds exacerbate the problem. March-May brings rising temperatures and dry conditions, leading to increased dust storms and further degradation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and post-monsoon months. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are essential for protecting public health. The pre-monsoon months of May and early June offer a brief respite before the cycle begins anew.