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Urun-Islāmpur, nestled in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India (17.0500° N, 74.2670° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. The city’s terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the plateau’s landscape, with elevations ranging from approximately 550 to 600 meters above sea level. This moderate elevation, combined with its location within a semi-arid climate zone, influences local air circulation patterns. Urun-Islāmpur sits on the fringes of the expanding Pune Metropolitan Region, experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the east, the landscape transitions into agricultural fields, primarily cultivating sugarcane and other crops, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. To the west, the urban sprawl of Pune looms, bringing with it increased vehicular traffic and industrial activity. The Pavana River flows nearby, offering some localized humidity but not significantly impacting regional air quality dynamics. The city’s proximity to the industrial belt surrounding Pune, particularly the Chakan industrial area, exposes it to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The surrounding landscape, a mix of agricultural land and developing urban areas, creates a complex interplay of sources and sinks for air pollutants. Topography plays a role in trapping pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed, leading to localized air quality degradation. The gradual encroachment of urban development onto previously rural areas further exacerbates these challenges, increasing the demand for resources and contributing to pollution.

Urun-Islāmpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging period. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air. This inversion prevents vertical mixing, effectively trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this period to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall flush out accumulated pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of ground-level ozone under specific conditions. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, often accompanied by fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Winter months (December to February) are generally cooler, with occasional fog, but the lack of strong winds can still lead to localized pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for respiratory discomfort. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during peak pollution times.