Angul, nestled in the eastern Indian state of Odisha, occupies a unique geographic position within the Mahanadi River basin. Situated at coordinates 20.8381°N, 85.0956°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and plateaus, a part of the Eastern Ghats region. The elevation, averaging around 275 meters, influences local wind patterns and contributes to temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler months. Angul’s proximity to the Satkosia Tiger Reserve to the east and the Deogarh forests to the north means it’s surrounded by significant green cover, but also experiences impacts from deforestation and associated dust. The city is rapidly industrialising, driven by coal mining and thermal power plants, forming a concentrated industrial belt along the NH-55 corridor. This industrial activity, coupled with agricultural practices in the surrounding plains, significantly impacts air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. The Mahanadi River, while providing a water source, doesn’t offer substantial dispersion of pollutants due to its relatively slow flow and localised geography. This combination of factors creates a complex air quality scenario for Angul, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.

Angul’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower temperatures lead to increased use of fossil fuels for heating and cooking, while temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. Calm wind conditions exacerbate the situation, allowing emissions from thermal power plants and coal mines to accumulate. March and April bring rising temperatures and pre-monsoon winds, offering a temporary respite, though dust storms can elevate particulate matter. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June and lasting until September, generally improves air quality through rainfall, which washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. October marks a transition, with diminishing rainfall and the return of stagnant air. For individuals with respiratory conditions, avoiding outdoor activity during the October-February period is advisable. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should limit exposure during peak pollution times, typically early mornings and evenings. Monitoring local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making throughout the year.