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Balasore, a coastal city in the northern reaches of Odisha, India, occupies a geographically significant position. Located at 21.5033°N, 86.9250°E, the city’s terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the coastal plains formed by the Brahmani and Baitarani river deltas. The Bay of Bengal lies immediately to the east, exerting a strong influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. Balasore’s urban character is a blend of historical trading post and emerging industrial hub. While agriculture remains prevalent in the surrounding rural areas – primarily rice cultivation – the city itself is experiencing growth in small-scale industries and commerce. This urban-rural gradient creates a complex pollution dynamic. The proximity to the coast means sea breezes can offer temporary relief, dispersing pollutants, but also carries the potential for saline aerosols. Inland, the influence of agricultural practices, including seasonal crop burning, contributes to particulate matter. The relatively low elevation exacerbates the impact of temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Industrial activity, though not concentrated in massive belts, adds to the localized pollution burden, particularly concerning sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Understanding this interplay of coastal influences, agricultural practices, and industrial growth is crucial for addressing Balasore’s air quality challenges.

Balasore’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and prevailing winds. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from dust and agricultural fires preparing fields for sowing. Hot, dry winds exacerbate the situation. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon can also lead to localized flooding and stagnant water, fostering mold growth and impacting indoor air quality. Post-monsoon, from September to November, sees a gradual deterioration as winds weaken and temperatures begin to rise again. This period often experiences moderate pollution levels. The winter months, December to February, are generally the most favourable, with cooler temperatures, higher wind speeds, and occasional rainfall helping to disperse pollutants. However, temperature inversions can still occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during calm, foggy mornings. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, and consider using air purifiers indoors when pollution is elevated.