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Bargarh, nestled in the western region of Odisha, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain within the Mahanadi River basin. Situated at coordinates 21.3333°N, 83.6167°E, the city’s geography is predominantly alluvial plains, a result of the river’s extensive sedimentation over millennia. This landscape is interwoven with agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies, and scattered patches of deciduous forests. Bargarh’s elevation is modest, generally below 200 meters, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The proximity to the Hirakud Dam, one of the world’s largest earthen dams, significantly influences the local microclimate and water table. While the reservoir offers irrigation benefits, it also creates conditions conducive to humidity and potential stagnant air masses. The surrounding landscape transitions from intensely cultivated farmland closer to the city centre to more rural, forested areas further afield. This urban-rural gradient impacts air quality, with agricultural practices (crop residue burning) and localized industrial activity (rice mills, small-scale manufacturing) contributing to pollution sources. The city’s position within a broader agricultural belt means seasonal burning practices are a key factor. The lack of significant topographical features hinders effective pollutant dispersal, making Bargarh susceptible to localized air quality issues.

Bargarh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by the monsoon and agricultural cycles. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from dust and agricultural fires preparing fields for sowing. This period sees a build-up of pollutants, exacerbated by low wind speeds. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon can also lead to localised flooding and increased fungal spores, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon, from October to November, sees a resurgence of pollution as crop residue burning intensifies after the harvest. This is a critical period for sensitive individuals. Winter, from December to February, often experiences temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and worsening air quality, particularly in the early mornings. Outdoor activity should be limited during March-May and October-November. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should use masks and avoid prolonged exposure during peak pollution periods. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for anticipating air quality fluctuations.